...As for the light, it could just be that an incandescent bulb would work.
Or, perhaps, reversing voltage polarity across the LED...
Hmmmmm
The configuration was funky, there's one positive with two separate grounds. I got 12v across a white wire (negative) soldered to the top right post of the power terminal block, and the bottom post where the yellow wire comes in (positive). I soldered the USB C charger's negative wire to that post and the positive to the bottom post (it checked out on the voltmeter and the charger is working well).
Now that I think back on it, I don't remember seeing a second wire run to the bulb socket -- just the white ground wire. Maybe I clipped out the positive when I was tearing out the other stuff by mistake and need to rerun a positive? I didn't really spend any time on the socket because I didn't think I was modifying it in any way. I'll double check next time I feel like pulling the console apart.

Double hmmmmmm