the positive cable goes to the starter solenoid. no motor in, no starter is in. The ground cable goes to usually the alternator bracket to ground the engine and chasis, then a ground strap from rear of the head to firewall. no engine, no ground.
now, there is a way to do this. There is a smaller red wire that hooks to the solenoid and ties into the main positive...the red wire goes to fuse panel eventually, through fusible links and such. I guess you could bring your starter over and hook up the red cable and the red little wire and pretend the engine is in place. You can ground the black negative cable temporarily to the chasis with any fender bolt or similar.